Animal-Assisted Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder

Animal-Assisted Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder Animal-assisted therapy (AAT) is sometimes used in the treatment of social anxiety disorder (SAD). Animals may be uniquely suited to help individuals with SAD, as they offer nonjudgmental support and a chance to learn about interactions with others.   History of AAT AAT dates back to the 1940s when an army corporal brought his Yorkshire Terrier to a hospital to cheer up wounded soldiers. It began in earnest in the early 1990s; however, it is still a relatively new field. AAT uses trained animals to enhance the physical, emotional, and social well-being of clients. AAT is defined by the American Humane Association as a goal-directed intervention in which an animal is incorporated as an integral part of the clinical health-care treatment process. AAT is delivered or directed by a professional health or human service provider who demonstrates skill and expertise regarding the clinical applications of human-animal interaction.   How Animals Are Used in Therapy for SAD Animal-assisted therapy does not follow one specific mode of treatment. For example, animals are included in everything from cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) to psychodynamic treatment.  The animal is there to assist in the therapeutic process, not to drive the process of therapy.   Animals used in therapy can be of all different types. Dogs and horses are the ones most people think of when they picture therapy animals, but even more exotic animals can serve in the therapy process. What role do animals play in therapy? There are several specific aspects of therapy for SAD that animals can help with: Animals can help you improve your self-esteem, develop social skills, and reduce symptoms of anxiety.In group therapy for SAD, animals may help to increase interactions between group members. Indeed, it is easy to imagine that a socially anxious group accompanied by a cute furry friend would be more likely to open up and talk to one another.In one-on-one therapy, an animal may help you to feel safer and build rapport with your therapist.  Animals such as horses and dogs pick up on cues in social relationships. Your therapist can use these reactions to guide therapy sessions. For example, your therapist may show you how your behavior (friendly or standoffish) will affect how the animal responds to you. This is a simple way to see how your behavior affects those around you.Research has also demonstrated that animals have a calming effect, reducing blood pressure and anxiety. Having an animal in your therapy sessions will help you to feel relaxed.Animals in therapy provide the opportuni ty to give affection and to receive it. This may be particularly helpful for children and teenagers struggling to find connections among family or peers.Animals in therapy may help to reduce depression and isolation. Among children, they may help in social expression.Finally, having an animal in your therapy sessions means that the focus is not all on youâ€"something that those with SAD may find overwhelming in the early stages. Animals used in therapy may work in any of the following settings: Nursing homesHospitalsSchoolsLibrariesCorrectional facilitiesRehabilitation centers Difference Between Therapy Animals and Psychiatric Service Animals for SAD Animals who assist with therapy are not the same as psychiatric service animals. Service animals live with individuals with psychological disorders and other disabilities to help them with activities of daily living, such as remembering to take medication or learning to identify the signs of an impending anxiety attack. Service animals fall under the protection of the American Disabilities Act (ADA) in this regard. Evidence Supporting Animal-Assisted Therapy There is a plethora of anecdotal information and case studies in support of animal-assisted therapy, but not much long-term controlled research has been conducted. A 1998 study published in the journal Psychiatric Services examined whether a single session of animal-assisted therapy reduced anxiety levels in 230 hospitalized psychiatric patients and whether these were related to their diagnoses. The results of the study showed that animal-assisted therapy was associated with reduced anxiety in hospitalized patients with a variety of psychiatric diagnoses. A 2007 meta-analysis of 49 studies found AAT to be associated with moderate effect sizes in improvements in four areas: autism-spectrum symptoms, medical problems, behavioral problems, and emotional well-being.  Surprisingly, aspects of the participants and studies did not show different outcomes. Overall, the research on AAT shows that it has promise when used alongside traditional treatments for some problems that may be related to SAD, such as anxiety and emotional well-being. More rigorous controlled studies are needed to determine the best methods for applying AAT for maximum benefit. How Does AAT Improve on Traditional Therapy for SAD? The use of animals during therapy for SAD may offer several advantages: Increased oxytocin levels leading to lowered blood pressure and heart rate. Oxytocin is a social hormone that is positively affected by human-animal interactions.Children and teenagers can touch the animalsâ€"something that they may be missing in their livesâ€"whereas touch during traditional therapy would be inappropriate.  Animals are nonjudgmental. They dont know your history or situation or details that others can sometimes judge you for, like being out of work or single. They accept you for who you are, flaws and all. They are forgiving and happy to see you and are consistently happy. While therapists can hope to achieve the ideal of neutrality, animals are naturals at it.For children with selective mutism, a condition in which a child fails to speak in one or more situations because of severe anxiety, animals can make therapy less threatening and help them to stay in treatment longer. Who Should Not Receive AAT For most people with SAD, there should be no reason that AAT would not be suitable. However, if any of the following applies in your situation, then AAT may not be advisable. You have a strong fear of animals. You will need to work through this fear first, and even then AAT may not be helpful for you.You are allergic to certain types of animals (others may still be suitableâ€"even dolphins do AAT!)You have reduced immunity due to HIV/AIDS, chemotherapy or radiation for cancer, or any immune-suppressive medications. Contact your doctor if any of these situations apply. How AAT Practitioners Are Governed There is currently no governing body that oversees AAT. However, organizations such as Pet Partners offer training of both animals and therapists. Dogs registered with Therapy Dogs International  must have yearly screenings by a veterinarian in order to participate in AAT.   In general, animals participating in AAT should be up-to-date on vaccinations and in good health. AAT Example What better way to illustrate how AAT works than with an excerpt from a case study? In this short excerpt republished from an article, licensed social worker Stephen Quinlan describes what it was like to use AAT with a child with selective mutism.   We made use of a tennis ball that I have in my office and had Layla first sit then wait while Charlie threw the ball. I then released Layla with an OK. She charged after the ball and returned it and I told her to drop. Charlie watched all of my doing this and then pointed to himself. I asked him if he would like to try. He nodded. To this point in treatment, Charlie had not uttered a single word to anyone. He was able to laugh and make sounds, but completely unable to speak. Si-t was the first word that Charlie sounded out in a choppy fashion. Wuh-ait, he continued, OO-KUH! he bellowed loudly. Layla again charged after the ball and Charlie screamed with delight. Duh-Ruh-op, said Charlie upon Layla’s return. In summarizing his experience, Quinlan notes that Layla had both set the bar for Charlie’s being verbal in session and given him a comfortable place to go back to when his anxiety was particularly high. Where to Find Animal-Assisted Therapy There are several options to try and find an AAT therapist in your area. Note that you may need to travel to the site where the animals work  rather than having the animal come to you. Contact the  American Humane Association  or the  American Counseling Association  to find out your options to receive animal-assisted therapy.Pet Partners  is a research organization that promotes animal-based treatments around the United States.Therapy Dogs International (TDI) is another organization that may be helpful to contact.

A Study On A Business - 997 Words

Starting a business does not necessarily make one a startup founder - as the business may not necessarily be a startup at all! While it may have the potential to make the founder wealthy, it still may be a small business that can become huge in the future. Although these sound similar concepts, startups show up stark differences from conventional small businesses once we understand their fundamentals. I have had the fortune of being and working with hugely talented and entrepreneurial folks over the last decade, and it has allowed me to closely witness the striking and subtle variations across the different kinds of businesses – from a large enterprise to a startup to a small business. We are experiencing a fast-rising wave of the startup ecosystem these days, and that is enabling entrepreneurs to know more about startups, to dare and dream big, and follow their passions. Startup founding bars no age, no qualifications or background. If one has the right ideas and the passion to do whatever it takes to get the idea into the hands of customers, this ecosystem now provides the kind of support never seen before. So as more and more young energetic people take on entrepreneurship, this question keeps popping up in different forums – what is the difference between a startup and a small business? Isn’t a startup a small business? when it attains a particular size of revenue/employees/customers doesn’t it transition to the large enterprise category? All valid questions – thisShow MoreRelatedBusiness Studies : Business Study1899 Words   |  8 PagesBUSINESS STUDIES TASK 1 The business I have chosen is Londis. Londis have a few small stores dotted around the UK, they sell all home essentials and other food and drink. The aim of the store is to provide its community’s with good value products. Londis has been a running, successful business since 1959. 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Central Nervous system Metaphors Free Essays

This essay explores the concept of an organization style metaphorically as professed by Gareth Morgan in his book Images of Organizations (1989). This essay provides examples of how the responsibilities and functionality of upper management within a corporation serve similar functions as to how the brain functions within the Central Nervous system. First, one must understand exactly what a metaphor is in order to understand how Morgan (1989) comes to his conclusion. We will write a custom essay sample on Central Nervous system Metaphors or any similar topic only for you Order Now A metaphor is defined by Merriam-Webster dictionary as a figure of speech in which a word or phrase literally denoting one kind of object or idea is used in place of another to suggest a likeness or analogy between them (2009). Morgan (1989) discusses how the brain is a metaphor for a company’s organization structure and behavior. He considers the organization as the brain and draws attention to the importance of information, learning, and intelligence, and provides a framework for understanding modern organizations. This style of organization has the capacity to be flexible and inventive with a continuous improvement mindset. The brain stores and processes enormous amounts of information in its parts simultaneously thus the end result being able to speak and walk. To understand the brain like metaphor we have to understand that the brain is made of two hemispheres. It is understood that the left side of the brain is the more logical, analytical and rational side, much like the strategy and finance side of an organization whereas the right side is more creative and emotional much like the marketing and human resources departments of an organization. Like the brain, an organization has areas that concentrate on particular parts of the business; however, the organization as a whole must work together. Each department can work on its own as can be seen in artificial intelligence such as Rodney Brooks’ mobot (Morgan, 1989). The functions of an organization such as Marketing, Human Resources, Finance, Operations, and Information Technology have a series of processes which results in the function of whole organization. Each of these departments in an organization can be likened to a sensory input element to the executive â€Å"brain†. Marketing, for example, can serve as the â€Å"eyes† of the organization by providing input to the brain related to the business environment, supply and demand and other market elements important to the navigation capabilities of the organization. The Finance department acts as the â€Å"skin† by providing information about the financial atmosphere and environment of the corporate body. The Finance department â€Å"skin† can tell the corporate brain whether conditions are financially cool, or hot. Also, the †skin† can indicate whether the organization is acting in a manner that produces â€Å"pain† in terms of financial difficulties. Operations acts as the ears of an organization, providing information about the â€Å"balance† of the entire organization and allowing the brain of the leadership to issue the appropriate instructions to the organization to keep it moving without collapse. Human Resources acts as a taste mechanism for the organizational body, giving the brain an idea of the building blocks (personnel) that are being introduced to the organizational body. The IT department can be likened to the central nervous system. It is this department that maintains the flow of information to and from the â€Å"brain† of the organization. The metaphor of the organization as a body with the corporate officers as the brain can be further understood with respect to what happens when there are breakdowns in any one of the parts composing the organizational body. Failure of the Human Resource department, for example, can lead to the ingestion of organizational poison: workers who are not qualified for the jobs they are assigned. If the â€Å"skin† of finance fails, the infection of debt may set in, causing necrosis to various parts of the organizational body. It is possible that such a result could result in a systemic infection that could kill the entire organization. The Operations department should malfunction; the entire organization could lose its balance and fall, destroying the organizational â€Å"brain†. Perhaps most significantly, the failure of IT to properly move information between the â€Å"brain† and the other appendages of the organization, the result is paralysis, as the messages the executive send get lost or misinterpreted. The organization-as-brain-and-body metaphor goes a long way toward explaining the interconnectivity of various aspects of organizations. All the component parts contribute information to the executive â€Å"brain† which can react quickly and guide the organization toward action that will make the most effective use of the information. The failure of any one of the component parts of the organizational body represents a hazard that threatens the organization as a whole, and the brain in particular. â€Å"Metaphor. † Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 2009. Merriam-Webster Online. 17 April 2009 http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/metaphor How to cite Central Nervous system Metaphors, Papers

Company Law for Structure - Policy and Practice- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCompany Law for Structure, Policy and Practice. Answer: Background One.Tel was an Australia based GSM service provider meaning it functioned mainly in the telecom sector and eventually grew to become Australias fourth largest telecom service provider before being shrouded in controversy which lead to its eventual downfall. Jodee Rich and other executive directors of the company faced accusations of not discharging their duties as directors effectively with respect to the duty of care they had towards the best interests of the company. This duty is mandated by Section 180 of the Corporations Act, 2001 as well as principles of common law. Application Corporations functioning within the jurisdiction of the Australian Commonwealth are governed and regulated by the provisions of the Corporations Act, 2001. Common law principles developed through judicial pronouncements are also applicable (Stout and Blair 2017). Section 180 (1) of the Corporations Act, 2001 lays down the statutory duty of care and diligence (Peden 2017). This provision states that when discharging ones duties as the director of a corporate entity one must observe a certain degree of care and diligence to ensure that they are acting in the best interests of the company. Section 180 (2) of the act lays down the business judgment rule which states that the provisions of Section 180 (1) would be deemed to have been met when acting on behalf of the company if (Bottomley 2016): The judgment is made in good faith; If the business judgment is free from any personal self interest; If the directors have understood and researched the subject matter to the extent that is reasonably possible; If the directors reasonably believe the act would be in the best interests of the company. Additionally, Section 180 (3) states that a business judgment is a decision to act or refrain from acting taken by the administration of the company (Hiller 2013). This applies only in business decisions that a materially relevant to the operations of the corporation. ASICs accusation was that the directors had failed to observe their duties under Section 180 (1) of the act by not sufficiently informing the board of One.Tel about the accurate financial stand of the company (Morley 2016). The Judge when delivering the judgment observed that ASIC had failed to establish their cause of action, exaggerated their claims and quoted pieces of evidence out of context in order to establish their claims (Harris 2013). The idea of not informing the board of the accurate financial position of the company was a business judgment which had to made by the directors in a situation where the failing financial position of the company would cause alarm and would give rise to reckless administrative measures taken by the board. This decision was made in good faith and cannot be conspicuously construed to have self-interests veiled in them. Further, the executive directors made an informed decision to refrain from passing this information to the board and they did believe that this would be in the best interests of the company as disclosure would have brought an end to the companys existence much before the actual downfall. Thus this judgment met all the requisites prescribed under the provisions of Section 180 (2) of the Corporations Act, 2001 (Rawhouser, Cummings and Crane 2015). This case was the first to comprehensively lay down the business judgment defense and apply it to the facts and circumstances of a case. This defense would negate the apparent breach of the duties of the directors as prescribed by the statute and under common law. Conclusion To conclude when the directors of a corporation are in breach of their duties under common law and the provisions of Section 180 (1) of the Corporations Act, 2001 the business judgment defense can be cited (Hanrahan, Ramsay and Stapledon 2013). If the acts of the directors fall within the ambit of the circumstances defined under the subsections to Section 181 (2) of the act. This would thus absolve them of all charges relating to the breach of duty of care. Thus in this case Jodee Rich and the other executive directors had not failed to observe their statutory and common law duties as prescribed for directors of a corporation. They had thus acted reasonably and prudently when they decided not cause alarm within the organizational structure by revealing the companys true financial position. Moreover, had Packer and Murdoch not removed the financial assistance given to the company One.Tel would have sailed through the financial difficulties through investment funds till they started to generate positive revenue figures. This adequately establishes the reasonableness behind the decision taken by the executive directors to not inform the board of the alarming financial condition as it can be inferred that it was presumed that the company would survive. Thus the ASICs allegations of the directors being in breach of their duty of care in acting on behalf of the company cannot be successfully substantiated on the basis that they refrained from informing the board as this omission was a reasonable business judgment and this would absolve them of all responsibilities arising out of such an act. Reference list Bottomley, S., 2016.The constitutional corporation: Rethinking corporate governance. Routledge. Hanrahan, P.F., Ramsay, I. and Stapledon, G.P., 2013. Commercial applications of company law. Harris, P., 2013.Corporate tax law: Structure, policy and practice. Cambridge University Press. Hiller, J.S., 2013. The benefit corporation and corporate social responsibility.Journal of Business Ethics,118(2), pp.287-301. Morley, J., 2016. The Common Law Corporation: The Power of the Trust in Anglo-American Business History.Columbia Law Review, pp.2145-2197. Peden, E., 2017. Civil and criminal liability of directors and officers of sporting clubs.Commercial Law Quarterly: The Journal of the Commercial Law Association of Australia,31(1), p.12. Rawhouser, H., Cummings, M. and Crane, A., 2015. Benefit corporation legislation and the emergence of a social hybrid category.California Management Review,57(3), pp.13-35. Stout, L.A. and Blair, M.M., 2017. A team production theory of corporate law. InCorporate Governance(pp. 169-250). Gower.

Tragic Hero in Sophocles Antigone Antigones Essay Example For Students

Tragic Hero in Sophocles Antigone Antigones Essay The Tragic Hero in Antigone Antigone is a Greek tragic piece that stresses the use of power and morality versus the law written by Sophocles. Both Antigone and Creon, the main characters in the play, could represent the tragic hero. A tragic hero is a character who is known for being dignified and has a flaw that assists to his or her downfall. In my opinion, Creon best qualifies for being the tragic hero and fitting the definition read in the previous sentence. The things he said, did, and the comments that were made by those around him show how a man with everything could lose it all due to his own behavior. We will write a custom essay on Tragic Hero in Sophocles Antigone Antigones specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now To open, the things he said showed how he changed and became the tragic hero of the play. Many of his statements reveal his personality including his admirable parts and his flaws. When Creon says: I call to God to witness that if I saw my country headed for ruin, I should not be afraid to speak out plainly, (Sophocles, scene 1,24-26), it shows his strong sense of nationalism and leadership which catches up with him in the end. The inflexible heart breaks first, the toughest iron cracks first, and the wildest horses bend their necks at the pull of the smallest curb (scene 2,76-79) is what Creon says to Antigone after finding out she is the one who buried Polynieces. He thinks that if Antigone wasnt so headstrong and arrogant then she could have avoided the consequence he was about to give her. I think Creon was being a hypocrite because he is just as stubborn as she is. The reason why Creon and Antigone come in to so much conflict is because their ways of thinking are almost exactly alike. It is hard to deny the heart! But I will do it: I will not fight with destiny (scene 5, 100), is a statement that shows Creon detecting his fault and how he needs to correct it. After talking to Teiresias, the blind prophet, he realizes in order for the higher powers to forgive him he needs to release Antigone. Fate has brought all my pride to a thought of dust (exodos, 138). Creon recognizes his flaw and its consequences but it is too late because fate has already occurred. Moreover, many people say that actions speak louder than words. In scene 2 line 164, Creon orders the guards to take Antigone and Ismene away. Not caring for his sons, Antigones fianc, feelings, he still insists that they be taken away and guarded well. Creon feels the law should stand despite if the person is family and or innocent, or how moral the act was. Bring her Antigone out! Let her die before his eyes (scene 3, 130). Creon was willing to be the cause of sons ruin just to prove that he is the king, the father, and always right. I will go. .. I buried her; I will set her free (scene 5, 102,104). Creon finally comes to a just state of mind and does what is ethically right. Unfortunately, he came to his conclusion too late, for Antigone had already hanged herself. Last, the comments made by other characters show how Creon is a tragic hero. Because they bend, even twigs are safe, while stubborn trees are torn (scene 3, 79-80). Haeman said the same thing to Creon that Creon said to Antigone. Haeman points that Creon needs to stop being narrow-minded and stubborn, and listen for a change. Not far off when you shall pay back corpse for corpse (scene 5, 72-73). Teiresias warns Creon that his ways will cause him destruction and he should do something about it now. Creon was happy once. .u0613a8dfa7594588e1e5fc94264d81d6 , .u0613a8dfa7594588e1e5fc94264d81d6 .postImageUrl , .u0613a8dfa7594588e1e5fc94264d81d6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0613a8dfa7594588e1e5fc94264d81d6 , .u0613a8dfa7594588e1e5fc94264d81d6:hover , .u0613a8dfa7594588e1e5fc94264d81d6:visited , .u0613a8dfa7594588e1e5fc94264d81d6:active { border:0!important; } .u0613a8dfa7594588e1e5fc94264d81d6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0613a8dfa7594588e1e5fc94264d81d6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0613a8dfa7594588e1e5fc94264d81d6:active , .u0613a8dfa7594588e1e5fc94264d81d6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0613a8dfa7594588e1e5fc94264d81d6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0613a8dfa7594588e1e5fc94264d81d6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0613a8dfa7594588e1e5fc94264d81d6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0613a8dfa7594588e1e5fc94264d81d6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0613a8dfa7594588e1e5fc94264d81d6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0613a8dfa7594588e1e5fc94264d81d6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0613a8dfa7594588e1e5fc94264d81d6 .u0613a8dfa7594588e1e5fc94264d81d6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0613a8dfa7594588e1e5fc94264d81d6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Conductor Investigation Experiment Lab-Report Essay.. and now it has all gone from him (exodos, 7 and 10). The Messenger indicates the time of Creons downfall. In summary, Creon is the tragic hero in Antigone. He started off being the noble king who had everything until a young woman did what she believed in and tested him. He let his pride get in the way of what was important and caused his own destruction losing almost everyone in his .

Nordstroms Success

Nordstroms Success Retailing is one of the foundational drivers of global market growth. Retailing encompasses a set of activities related to the act of selling goods and services to consumers. Retailers serve billions of consumers on a daily basis. Nordstrom is one of the leaders of the U.S. fashion and apparel market.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Nordstrom’s Success specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company uses fixed stores and online catalogues to meet the needs of customers. Nordstrom is a full-service specialty store and electronic retailer, which relies on personnel and presentation aspects of the retailing marketing mix and has everything to meet the rising demands of fashion customers. Nordstrom: The Power of Service Nordstrom, Inc. is an exclusive provider of quality fashion products, which include shoes and apparel, jewelry and cosmetics, accessories and fragrances for men, women, and children (Nordstrom, 2 011). The company runs 225 stores in 25 states all over the United States (Nordstrom, 2011). Nordstrom tries to catch up with the changes in consumer behaviors and expectations – online stores and catalogues expand the company’s market presence (Nordstrom, 2011). Nordstrom is well-known for its commitment to social responsibility and positions itself as a company where people want to work (Nordstrom, 2011). Nordstrom: A Specialty Store Nordstrom uniquely combines the features of specialty store and e-retailing. Nordstrom also runs a set of department stores in the United States. Specialty store is both a type of store and a mode of retailing (Lamb, Hair McDaniel, 2011). It is interesting to note, that customers in specialty stores are relatively price-insensitive. For this reason the company does not apply to price promotions and discounts but uses superior service and customer relationships to popularize its products and brand. Nordstrom further expands its market pr esence through Internet stores. Consumers find this mode of shopping extremely convenient and fast (Lamb et al., 2011). The use of online retailing opportunities means that the company tries to meet customer needs by all possible means. A wide range of related services adds to the quality and popularity of Nordstrom products. For example, Nordstrom stylists help consumers to develop and maintain a sense of fashion (Nordstrom, 2011).Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Value of Full-Service Retailers Nordstrom can be classified as a full-service specialty store provider of quality fashion products. Generally, all retailers are classified by the level of service, from full service to self-service (Lamb et al., 2011). An exclusive provider, Nordstrom tends to offer high levels of service (Lamb et al., 2011). However, not all fashion stores are full service. Many specialty and department stores operate at the opposite end of the level of service continuum. Warehouse and discount stores offer low-price products. For example, Payless Shoe Source is a self-service retail facility, which maintains low prices and seeks to reduce overhead costs by all possible means (Funding Universe, 2010). These self-service retailers rely on the price aspect of the retailing mix, and do not provide their customers with a full range of quality services. The Retailing Mix – Personnel and Presentation The retailing mix incorporates the four P’s of the market mix (product, price, place, promotion), followed by presentation and personnel (Lamb et al., 2011). Nordstrom provides a variety of product options to satisfy different customers. Nordstrom’s prices are never low. The company places a special emphasis on the physical location of its stores and, simultaneously, promotes its brand through magazines for middle- and higher-income customers (Cl ifford, 2010). Presentation and personnel are the main factors of Nordstrom’s business success. Nordstrom does not use traditional price promotions and discounts but relies on regular pricing and integrity. Nordstrom offers â€Å"seamless† shopping experiences, meaning that all sales channels operate as a single system; for example, customers who make purchases online can easily exchange their products in fixed specialty and department stores. Perfect relations with customers and generous exchange policies strengthen the company’s market position. Nordstrom’s personnel have skills, knowledge, and ability to give their customers undivided attention. Yet, Nordstrom’s market position is not without difficulties.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Nordstrom’s Success specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Primary Challenges and Changing Consumer Demands Nordstrom is faced with a num ber of challenges. Basically, the company must learn to balance its fixed store needs with the growing importance of online retailing. Nordstrom must learn to expand its online presence without losing its ‘personal touch’. Understanding customer reactions to online retailing is crucial for the company’s success (Burt Sparks, 2003). Furthermore, consumer expectations are rising, and more players are entering the market. Burt and Sparks (2003) write that â€Å"existing retail floor space will need enhancement in quality and presentation if it is to continue to provide retail functions† (p.275), as these improvements will enhance the company’s efficiency and strengthen its market position. Postmodern customers appreciate companies, products, and services that make their lives easier. Customers display low tolerance for poor quality of services and products. Consumer lifestyles are growing diverse, and Nordstrom must learn to meet a bewildering variety of consumer interests and choices (Jones and Simmons, 2009). Finally, customers want to get the fullest range of services in one place. Nordstrom, with its eternal reliance on customer relationships, personalization, and customer-focused retailing solutions, has everything to meet the rising demands of fashion customers. Conclusion Nordstrom is one of the leaders of the U.S. fashion market. Nordstrom is a full-service specialty store and electronic retailer, which relies on personnel and presentation aspects of the retailing marketing mix and has everything to meet the rising demands of fashion customers. Personnel and presentation are at the heart of the company’s business success, but Nordstrom must be able to balance its fixed store needs with the growing importance of online retailing. References Burt, S. Sparks, L. (2003). E-commerce and the retail process: A review. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 10, 275-286. Clifford, S. (2010). Nordstrom links online in ventory to real world. The New York Times. Web. Funding Universe. (2010). Payless ShoeSource, Inc. Funding Universe. Web.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Jones, K.G. Simmons, J.W. (2009). The retail environment. Taylor Francis. Lamb, C.W., Hair, J.F. McDaniel, C. (2011). Marketing. Boston: Cengage Learning. Nordstrom. (2011). About Nordstrom. Nordstrom. Web.