Teaching English to Absolute and False Beginners

Instructing English to Absolute and False Beginners Most ESL/EFL educators concur that there are two kinds of starting understudies: Absolute Beginners and False Beginners. On the off chance that you are instructing in the USA, Canada, Australia, an European nation or Japan, odds are that most tenderfoots you train will be bogus apprentices. Training bogus apprentices and supreme tenderfoots require various methodologies. Here is what's in store from bogus and outright fledglings: Bogus Beginners Tenderfoots that have just concentrated some English eventually in their life. The majority of these students have considered English at school, numerous for various years. These students have as a rule had some contact with English since their schools years, however feel that they have little order of the language and in this manner need to start from the top. Educators can as a rule accept that these understudies will comprehend essential discussions and questions, for example, Are you hitched?, Where are you from?, Do you communicate in English, etc. Frequently these students will be acquainted with language structure ideas and educators can dispatch into depictions of sentence structure and have understudies track with sensibly well. Total Beginners These are students who have had no contact with English by any stretch of the imagination. They frequently originate from creating countries and regularly have had almost no instruction. These understudies are frequently additionally testing to educate as the educator can't anticipate that students should see even an insignificant measure of English. The question,How are you?, won't be comprehended and the educator must start at the earliest reference point, normally with no basic language with which to clarify the essentials. When showing Absolute Beginners there are various things to remember: Outright Beginners have had no contact with EnglishWhen showing somebody who has had no earlier (or almost no) contact with the language, you have to painstakingly pick what you present. Here is a case of the sort of reasoning that necessities to go intoâ planning a lesson:If I start the principal exercise with, Hi, my name is Ken. What is your name?, I am introducing threeâ (!)â concepts at once:The action word bePossessive pronounsâ my and yourSubject and action word reversal in the inquiry formIt would be greatly improved (and increasingly conceivable) to the understudies on the off chance that I started the exercise with, Hi, I am Ken. and afterward signal to the understudy to rehash a comparable expression. Along these lines, the understudy can rehash methodically and start with something simple which would then be able to prompt something like: Hi, I am Ken. It is safe to say that you are Ken? - No, I am Elmo. By restricting the phonetic ideas outright amateurs can all the more effectively absorb the pieces.Do not expect nature with semantic conceptsThis is ratherâ obviousâ but frequently overlooked by numerous educators. In the event that you compose a syntax graph - even a straightforward one - on the board, you are accepting that understudies know about language structure outlines. Understudies might not have had the kind of instruction that includes diagrams and portrayals. By keeping things aural and visual (signals, pictures, and so on.) you will be speaking to learning styles that understudies make certain to have procured in regular day to day existence. Utilize misrepresented visual gesturesUsing signals, for example, highlighting yourself and saying, I am Ken, and afterward highlighting the understudy to rehash enables understudies to comprehend what you need of them, without confounding them by more language, for example, Now, rehash. Create explicit signals as codes for certain semantic tasks. For instance, to delineate the possibility of reversal in the inquiry structure you can broaden your two arms and state, My name is Ken and afterward fold your arms and ask, Is your name Ken?, this signal would then be able to be rehashed as etymological abilities become further developed and the understudies will comprehend that an inquiry should be posed. For instance, I live in New York and afterward fold your arms and ask, Where do you live. At the point when an understudy commits an error posing an inquiry, you would then be able to fold your arms and the understudy will comprehend thatâ he/sheâ needs to upset so as to request that a question.Try get a couple of expressions of the students local tongueThis is absolutely a mental stunt. Students - particularly grown-up students - who are learning English with no related knowledge are not just experiencing a troublesome learning experience. By and large, they are additionally figuring out how to become familiar with a language. In the event that you put yourself at risk by communicating the craving to get familiar with a couple of expressions of your understudies local language, you can go far towards building a compatibility with understudies which will assist them with feeling more calm in class. When training False Beginners you can be more daring in your way to deal with educating. Here are a few things that you can rely on - and a few focuses to look out for: Consider the Different Levels of Your Class Bogus learners will all have had some English preparing previously and this can cause some exceptional issues. A few students will truly know more than they concede and, with the progression of time, may get exhausted with a portion of the basics.Different levels can rapidly make strains between students, as the individuals who realize more can get anxious with other people who require more time.Some students may be bogus tenderfoots in view of inalienable learning issues. A few Solutions Give moreâ advanced learnersâ more troublesome tasks.â -For instance, when posing inquiries of understudies ask the further developed students addresses starting with For what reason which will require a further developed response.Give further developed students additional work in class and at home.â -By having a couple of additional jobs that needs to be done you can overcome any barrier that is frequently made when the individuals who are quicker completion earlier.If further developed bogus apprentices become restless dont dither to ask them something that is over their head.â -This may be somewhat unforgiving, yet will work wonders!Remember that things will in the long run even out after the initial not many weeks.â -Usually, bogus amateurs are there in light of the fact that they truly need to audit from the earliest starting point. This infers at some point or another the entirety of the students will master something that is genuinely new for them and issues with fretful ness will rapidly disappear.If a student is a bogus learner as a result of learning issues, you should consider distinctive learning stylesâ -People learn in various manners. On the off chance that sentence structure clarifications, and so on are not helping a specific student, you can assist that student with visual, sound and different strategies fitting for various learning styles. For more data on various learning styles investigate this component. Some Helpful Assumptions About Your Students Your understudies will haveâ basicâ familiarity with etymological concepts.â -False amateurs have all examined English at school and willâ thereforeâ find things like conjugation outlines and courses of events useful.Standard subjects will presumably be familiar.â -Most bogus apprentices are alright with essential discussions, for example, requesting food in an eatery, presenting themselves, discussing their close family, and so forth. This will give you a decent beginning stage on which to assemble when starting your course and becoming acquainted with your understudies. Supreme Beginner Exercises - 20 Point Program These activities are intended to be educated so as to dynamically manufacture abilities that ESL studentsâ will need to impart the essential necessities of regular day to day existence in an English talking condition.

Marketing and Product Free Essays

1. On the Basics: a. We have stated that promoting is actually the vital thought of ‘connectedness’ with clients. We will compose a custom paper test on Advertising and Product or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now From the point of view of your last venture organization, recognize and talk about how your organization interfaces with its clients †select from either the showcasing idea or the selling idea. Make certain to characterize every idea and be point by point in your reaction. A: Marketing idea holds that accomplishing authoritative objectives relies upon knowing the necessities and needs of target advertises and conveying the ideal fulfillments better than contenders do. client center and worth are the way to deals and benefits) The promoting idea is a client focused sense and reacts theory. (The activity is to locate the correct items for your clients. ) My undertaking organization Samsung took the showcasing idea and interface with its clients. Samsung decides to concern increasingly about customers’ require and concoct items that tackle customers’ issues as opposed to make it and sell it. Before developing cellphone items it will do a ton of reviews and trial to di scover what issues exist and concerned intensely in present day world. Exercises like unconditional present and test with-buy, free encountering and accommodating subsequent to selling administration are acceptable methods of finding what client need and requesting criticisms. Not exclusively can these showcasing methodologies gather information and models for its examination, yet in addition can assemble a solid relationship with present and potential clients. Other than that Samsung additionally build up an arrangement of reaching with clients, which utilizes PDAs and email. By messaging and messaging client what new items are and getting some information about them improves items and make items more client orientated. . Alluding to your venture organization give an all around created portrayal of your market section and your objective market. I. Distinguish the most pressing issue important for you to infiltrate or ensure your ideal market space. Market Segmentation: Target Customers: Urgent issue: The most earnest issue is to separate this cell phon e from other cell phone of different brands by advertising. There are numerous cell phones in the market and the most serious one is the iphone5 from Apple. These two cell phone have comparable capacity and both have great notoriety in fixing skins. To advertise the serum from Lauder we need to pressure its capacity of giving you the most alluring capacity, for example, Pop up play and Face Zoom which Apple doesn’t have. c. In conclusion, briefly address every one of the accompanying focal situating questions relating to your undertaking organization/brand: I. What position, assuming any, do you as of now have in the prospect’s mind? Here I show a portion of the serious contributions Full scope of administration in the wake of selling Apple 9. 0 Nokia 7. Motorola7. 5 HTC 7. 0 Sharp6. 5 ZTE6. 0 Quality of item The parts of item ii. What position would you like to claim? With a solid brand advantage and the rich Apple store, Apple currently is as yet the brilliance star in people’s mind. In any case, what I will do is to give clients more space to encounter our item when they come to Samsung store . I expect to claim t he primary spot. iii. What organizations must be outgunned on the off chance that you are to build up or keep up that position? From my perspective, Motorola would be the first to be outgunned. The explanation is that: 2. On the Marketing Mix: Discuss the qualities and shortcomings of your company’s promoting blend and offer key suggestions on how the organization should deal with the most copying showcasing issue/opportunity affecting the key execution of the ‘mix’. Think about molding your answer considering the 5Cs Strengths: Lauder has expanded promoting techniques from retailing stores to TV advertisements to spas. It present the item in numerous measurements and gives buyer a full and great comprehend of the item. Shortcoming: Most of Estee Lauder’s retail locations are possessed by the organization. Lauder doesn’t need to help out different retailers so as to keep their picture of very good quality. Be that as it may, promoting the serum implies you need to profoundly presented your item to people in general and remind them there’s consistently this decision for them and they have simple access to the item. Arrangements: The consuming promoting issue is cosmic system doesn't have a solid separated situation from different brands and not great to cosumers. Right off the bat, we should consider client arrangement. By propelling advertisement battle in which stress the capacity of the item and rundown includes that different cellphones don’t have, we are really telling purchasers that the additional advantages they can get from picking this cellphone. Other than that we can set up experience relax in some shopping centers for individuals to give the item a shot just as showing them how to utilize it to accomplish the best impact. Besides, we center around client cost. To certain individuals who have never utilized it they might not have any desire to go through that much cash in attempting another item. So when we are propelling this item we can offer markdown or selling as a bundle to bring down the cost with the goal that increasingly potential client will have an attempt. Fourthly, we can advance the correspondence. By setting up two-way correspondence can truly reinforce the tight with purchasers. Why numerous brands are forgettable is on the grounds that they don’t have a solid association with purchasers. By reaching customers with email and message we can generally uncover them in the data of the items which increment the possibility of them picking the item. 3. On Consumer Buying Behavior: a. Alluding to your organization, depict a situation of your run of the mill client utilizing the purchaser choice procedure when considering buying your company’s item/administration. Utilize the language from our readings. I. Consider pulling from your database look into offered in our library workshop to confirm how your clients carry on in your market condition. b. Moreover, from the rules that impact the pace of appropriation, in what territory does your organization/item exceed expectations and what zone does your organization/item expect regard for reinforce the reception procedure? Be point by point in your reaction. . First we have Need Recognition. The purchaser perceives an issue or need of the cellphone by conversing with a companion of viewing a promotion. Second, he will do Information Search. Promotions are from business sources-constrained by advertisers. He may likewise discover data from individual sources, open sources and experiential sources. By watching adve rtisements or tuning in to the exhortation of a dear companion or attempting the examples she will get the data about the cellphones. Third, we have Evaluation of Alternatives. He will assess choices with computations and coherent reasoning. By mulling over each quality and analyze various cellphones he discovers that cellphones from Samsung will fulfilled his need with the capacities system has. Fourth, he will settle on the Purchase Decision. Subsequent to positioning brands and shaping buy expectation, he is going to purchase the cellphone. Presently if mentalities of others additionally focuses to getting it and there’s no surprising situational factors like intensifying economy or dropping cost of contenders, he will by the fairly costly cellphone structure Samsung. To wrap things up there’s Postpurchase Behavior. He will feel either fulfilled or unsatisfied with the galaxy,which is the hole between the desires and the product’s saw execution. b. Exceed expectations Relative bit of leeway: 4. 8† Super Amoled HD show Pebble blue or marble white Battery: 2,100mAh (remote charging discretionary extra) Camera: 8MP back; 1. 9 MP front S-Beam High speed document move by means of NFC and WiFi Direct, between two telephones contacted together, working at up to 300Mbps. Keen Stay The telephone tracks your eyes, so as long as you’re taking a gander at it, the presentation won’t diminish or turn off. What Needs to be STRENGTHEN? the reason for the present market circumstance, the significant brands of cell phone chain, (for example, Suning, Gome, and so forth ) involves a huge market, so we are confronted with impressive weight. As per the market potential, the Guangdong advertise level of utilization examination, purchaser gatherings, all things considered, is restricted, so we have a novel support of intrigue potential clients. d out the distinctions. 4. On Branding and the Product Lifecycle: a. Alluding to your organization, recognize the one significant quality and shortcoming of the brand. I. What are your suggestions to reinforce the intensity and value of the brand? ii. Recognize at what stage your image falls inside the item lifecycle model. What is required for you to guarantee that the client remains unceasingly ‘connected’ to your image? a. Quality: Samsung has adequate reserve for concocting so it’s ready to apply cutting edge into their items, which makes it an offer point to the clients since these days everybody enjoys new innovation. What’s more, while concocting the item Samsung will have such a significant number of test before they at last dispatch the item so the item is unquestionably protected. Weakness:The four-cores illustrations card needs huge measure of power The external skin is effectively getting old as a result of its material I. To build seriousness and value of the brand first we have to consider the brand situating Marketers need to situate the brand plainly in the objective customers’ mind. I will situate the brand at the most elevated level which is on solid convictions and qualities. By propelling promotion crusades we convey the idea that the serum structure Estee Lauder is in excess of a serum, it’s a way of life you pick. â€Å"To be astounding and solid ordinary gives you the certain to confront each challenge. I would likewise build up a strategic the brand and a vis

Animal-Assisted Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder

Animal-Assisted Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder Animal-assisted therapy (AAT) is sometimes used in the treatment of social anxiety disorder (SAD). Animals may be uniquely suited to help individuals with SAD, as they offer nonjudgmental support and a chance to learn about interactions with others.   History of AAT AAT dates back to the 1940s when an army corporal brought his Yorkshire Terrier to a hospital to cheer up wounded soldiers. It began in earnest in the early 1990s; however, it is still a relatively new field. AAT uses trained animals to enhance the physical, emotional, and social well-being of clients. AAT is defined by the American Humane Association as a goal-directed intervention in which an animal is incorporated as an integral part of the clinical health-care treatment process. AAT is delivered or directed by a professional health or human service provider who demonstrates skill and expertise regarding the clinical applications of human-animal interaction.   How Animals Are Used in Therapy for SAD Animal-assisted therapy does not follow one specific mode of treatment. For example, animals are included in everything from cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) to psychodynamic treatment.  The animal is there to assist in the therapeutic process, not to drive the process of therapy.   Animals used in therapy can be of all different types. Dogs and horses are the ones most people think of when they picture therapy animals, but even more exotic animals can serve in the therapy process. What role do animals play in therapy? There are several specific aspects of therapy for SAD that animals can help with: Animals can help you improve your self-esteem, develop social skills, and reduce symptoms of anxiety.In group therapy for SAD, animals may help to increase interactions between group members. Indeed, it is easy to imagine that a socially anxious group accompanied by a cute furry friend would be more likely to open up and talk to one another.In one-on-one therapy, an animal may help you to feel safer and build rapport with your therapist.  Animals such as horses and dogs pick up on cues in social relationships. Your therapist can use these reactions to guide therapy sessions. For example, your therapist may show you how your behavior (friendly or standoffish) will affect how the animal responds to you. This is a simple way to see how your behavior affects those around you.Research has also demonstrated that animals have a calming effect, reducing blood pressure and anxiety. Having an animal in your therapy sessions will help you to feel relaxed.Animals in therapy provide the opportuni ty to give affection and to receive it. This may be particularly helpful for children and teenagers struggling to find connections among family or peers.Animals in therapy may help to reduce depression and isolation. Among children, they may help in social expression.Finally, having an animal in your therapy sessions means that the focus is not all on youâ€"something that those with SAD may find overwhelming in the early stages. Animals used in therapy may work in any of the following settings: Nursing homesHospitalsSchoolsLibrariesCorrectional facilitiesRehabilitation centers Difference Between Therapy Animals and Psychiatric Service Animals for SAD Animals who assist with therapy are not the same as psychiatric service animals. Service animals live with individuals with psychological disorders and other disabilities to help them with activities of daily living, such as remembering to take medication or learning to identify the signs of an impending anxiety attack. Service animals fall under the protection of the American Disabilities Act (ADA) in this regard. Evidence Supporting Animal-Assisted Therapy There is a plethora of anecdotal information and case studies in support of animal-assisted therapy, but not much long-term controlled research has been conducted. A 1998 study published in the journal Psychiatric Services examined whether a single session of animal-assisted therapy reduced anxiety levels in 230 hospitalized psychiatric patients and whether these were related to their diagnoses. The results of the study showed that animal-assisted therapy was associated with reduced anxiety in hospitalized patients with a variety of psychiatric diagnoses. A 2007 meta-analysis of 49 studies found AAT to be associated with moderate effect sizes in improvements in four areas: autism-spectrum symptoms, medical problems, behavioral problems, and emotional well-being.  Surprisingly, aspects of the participants and studies did not show different outcomes. Overall, the research on AAT shows that it has promise when used alongside traditional treatments for some problems that may be related to SAD, such as anxiety and emotional well-being. More rigorous controlled studies are needed to determine the best methods for applying AAT for maximum benefit. How Does AAT Improve on Traditional Therapy for SAD? The use of animals during therapy for SAD may offer several advantages: Increased oxytocin levels leading to lowered blood pressure and heart rate. Oxytocin is a social hormone that is positively affected by human-animal interactions.Children and teenagers can touch the animalsâ€"something that they may be missing in their livesâ€"whereas touch during traditional therapy would be inappropriate.  Animals are nonjudgmental. They dont know your history or situation or details that others can sometimes judge you for, like being out of work or single. They accept you for who you are, flaws and all. They are forgiving and happy to see you and are consistently happy. While therapists can hope to achieve the ideal of neutrality, animals are naturals at it.For children with selective mutism, a condition in which a child fails to speak in one or more situations because of severe anxiety, animals can make therapy less threatening and help them to stay in treatment longer. Who Should Not Receive AAT For most people with SAD, there should be no reason that AAT would not be suitable. However, if any of the following applies in your situation, then AAT may not be advisable. You have a strong fear of animals. You will need to work through this fear first, and even then AAT may not be helpful for you.You are allergic to certain types of animals (others may still be suitableâ€"even dolphins do AAT!)You have reduced immunity due to HIV/AIDS, chemotherapy or radiation for cancer, or any immune-suppressive medications. Contact your doctor if any of these situations apply. How AAT Practitioners Are Governed There is currently no governing body that oversees AAT. However, organizations such as Pet Partners offer training of both animals and therapists. Dogs registered with Therapy Dogs International  must have yearly screenings by a veterinarian in order to participate in AAT.   In general, animals participating in AAT should be up-to-date on vaccinations and in good health. AAT Example What better way to illustrate how AAT works than with an excerpt from a case study? In this short excerpt republished from an article, licensed social worker Stephen Quinlan describes what it was like to use AAT with a child with selective mutism.   We made use of a tennis ball that I have in my office and had Layla first sit then wait while Charlie threw the ball. I then released Layla with an OK. She charged after the ball and returned it and I told her to drop. Charlie watched all of my doing this and then pointed to himself. I asked him if he would like to try. He nodded. To this point in treatment, Charlie had not uttered a single word to anyone. He was able to laugh and make sounds, but completely unable to speak. Si-t was the first word that Charlie sounded out in a choppy fashion. Wuh-ait, he continued, OO-KUH! he bellowed loudly. Layla again charged after the ball and Charlie screamed with delight. Duh-Ruh-op, said Charlie upon Layla’s return. In summarizing his experience, Quinlan notes that Layla had both set the bar for Charlie’s being verbal in session and given him a comfortable place to go back to when his anxiety was particularly high. Where to Find Animal-Assisted Therapy There are several options to try and find an AAT therapist in your area. Note that you may need to travel to the site where the animals work  rather than having the animal come to you. Contact the  American Humane Association  or the  American Counseling Association  to find out your options to receive animal-assisted therapy.Pet Partners  is a research organization that promotes animal-based treatments around the United States.Therapy Dogs International (TDI) is another organization that may be helpful to contact.

A Study On A Business - 997 Words

Starting a business does not necessarily make one a startup founder - as the business may not necessarily be a startup at all! While it may have the potential to make the founder wealthy, it still may be a small business that can become huge in the future. Although these sound similar concepts, startups show up stark differences from conventional small businesses once we understand their fundamentals. I have had the fortune of being and working with hugely talented and entrepreneurial folks over the last decade, and it has allowed me to closely witness the striking and subtle variations across the different kinds of businesses – from a large enterprise to a startup to a small business. We are experiencing a fast-rising wave of the startup ecosystem these days, and that is enabling entrepreneurs to know more about startups, to dare and dream big, and follow their passions. Startup founding bars no age, no qualifications or background. If one has the right ideas and the passion to do whatever it takes to get the idea into the hands of customers, this ecosystem now provides the kind of support never seen before. So as more and more young energetic people take on entrepreneurship, this question keeps popping up in different forums – what is the difference between a startup and a small business? Isn’t a startup a small business? when it attains a particular size of revenue/employees/customers doesn’t it transition to the large enterprise category? All valid questions – thisShow MoreRelatedBusiness Studies : Business Study1899 Words   |  8 PagesBUSINESS STUDIES TASK 1 The business I have chosen is Londis. Londis have a few small stores dotted around the UK, they sell all home essentials and other food and drink. The aim of the store is to provide its community’s with good value products. Londis has been a running, successful business since 1959. What Londis provide: †¢ Friendly customer service †¢ Good prices †¢ Quality products Londis is always a local store that can provide you with all your usual home, food and drink needs. Londis theRead MoreBusiness Case Study : Business Case Studies997 Words   |  4 PagesWriting Business Case Studies How to Write Business Case Studies The objective of this part of the course is to use your case study to help you solve real company problems and to make the learning more relevant to your experience. The Business Case Study you are being asked to start today will provide information for yourself and the class to permit constructive feedback. You will have to use all of your research, writing and analytical skills to write your Company Case Study. You must give enoughRead MoreBusiness Studies1254 Words   |  6 Pagestechnical fault remember to log fault or advise a senior member of staff. 2.8 Describe how to follow organisation procedures when receiving a telephone call The organisational procedures when making and receiving telephone calls can vary from business to business but there are a lot of similarities. There is usually a general guidance and training for staff. To make a phone call effective you can: 1. Use all appropriate customers information to plan your call. 2. Anticipate your customers’ expectationsRead MoreA Study On The Business783 Words   |  4 Pageshad a tie-up with Thomas Cook as their interests dovetailed each other. Gyan Foundation guided prospective students with the application process to international universities while Thomas Cook a world renowned travel agency was interested in the business of travel booking for these students desiring to fly abroad. Thomas Cook’s service line included Leisure Travel – Outbound, Inbound, Domestic, Foreign Exchange, MICE, Corporate Travel, Insurance, Visa Passport Services (wikipedia). AnalyzingRead MoreBusiness Studies1178 Words   |  5 PagesA budget is how a business manages their money by predicting the amount the company is going to spend. The two types of budgeting our: * Zero budgeting – Urban Fashion will not know how much items is going to cost as the board of directors would not give them a specific amount to spend * Allocated budgeting – Urban Fashion know how much the budget is that they would have to pay things. In economics, fixed costs are business expenses that are not dependent on the level of goods or servicesRead MoreA Research Study On Business1269 Words   |  6 Pagesthree months, a research study has been conducted with the sole determination of satisfying the investment needs of a client who is looking for investment opportunity in eastern Prince William County, Virginia. She specifically expressed that she is interested in a business that has the potentials of growing business that also takes the interest of the community at heart. This paper is the effort of study done to fulfill this investor’s dream. As a result of the study of various businesses in theRead MoreBusiness Feasibility Study1054 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Finance Aspect in Business Feasibility Studies Financial feasibility can be judged by the total estimated cost of the project, financing of the project in terms of its capital structure, debt equity ratio and promoter’s share of total cost, existing investment by the promoter in any other business and projected cash flow and profitability. Financial feasibility study determines how much start-up capital is needed as well as sources of capital and returns on investment. It is an analysis of theRead MoreCase Study : Business Finance Business1366 Words   |  6 Pages Latocha Smalls Business Finance 350 November 2, 2014 Introduction When it comes to investing, nothing will pay off more than educating yourself. Do the necessary research, study and analysis before making any investment decisions. My overall objectives are to assess past performances, assess current positions and predict profitability and growth prospects for Target and JCPenney companies. In the words of Benjamin Franklin, An investment in knowledge pays the best interest. Target CorporationRead MoreFaculty of Business Studies1287 Words   |  6 PagesFaculty of Business Studies BE-210 TMA-1 DUE DATE 26th December Part A: Essay Questions (25) 1. Define accounting. Accounting is the information system that measures business activity, progress the data into reports and communicates the results to decision makers. And accounting is the language of business. The better you understand the language of business the better you can manage your own business. For example, how will you decide whether or not to borrow money? YouRead MoreBusiness Studies: Case Study3115 Words   |  13 Pagesin the long term this would benefit the business and increase its profitability levels. Another benefit of removing 2 management levels is that the decision making process is much easier and faster the reason it empowers the workforce is because they feel that they are being listened to by higher levels and also that they are more in the loop when it comes to making decisions that will affect the whole company. However even though they know how the business run internally they shouldn’t get rid of

Colette Bennett - ThoughtCo

Central Nervous system Metaphors Free Essays

This essay explores the concept of an organization style metaphorically as professed by Gareth Morgan in his book Images of Organizations (1989). This essay provides examples of how the responsibilities and functionality of upper management within a corporation serve similar functions as to how the brain functions within the Central Nervous system. First, one must understand exactly what a metaphor is in order to understand how Morgan (1989) comes to his conclusion. We will write a custom essay sample on Central Nervous system Metaphors or any similar topic only for you Order Now A metaphor is defined by Merriam-Webster dictionary as a figure of speech in which a word or phrase literally denoting one kind of object or idea is used in place of another to suggest a likeness or analogy between them (2009). Morgan (1989) discusses how the brain is a metaphor for a company’s organization structure and behavior. He considers the organization as the brain and draws attention to the importance of information, learning, and intelligence, and provides a framework for understanding modern organizations. This style of organization has the capacity to be flexible and inventive with a continuous improvement mindset. The brain stores and processes enormous amounts of information in its parts simultaneously thus the end result being able to speak and walk. To understand the brain like metaphor we have to understand that the brain is made of two hemispheres. It is understood that the left side of the brain is the more logical, analytical and rational side, much like the strategy and finance side of an organization whereas the right side is more creative and emotional much like the marketing and human resources departments of an organization. Like the brain, an organization has areas that concentrate on particular parts of the business; however, the organization as a whole must work together. Each department can work on its own as can be seen in artificial intelligence such as Rodney Brooks’ mobot (Morgan, 1989). The functions of an organization such as Marketing, Human Resources, Finance, Operations, and Information Technology have a series of processes which results in the function of whole organization. Each of these departments in an organization can be likened to a sensory input element to the executive â€Å"brain†. Marketing, for example, can serve as the â€Å"eyes† of the organization by providing input to the brain related to the business environment, supply and demand and other market elements important to the navigation capabilities of the organization. The Finance department acts as the â€Å"skin† by providing information about the financial atmosphere and environment of the corporate body. The Finance department â€Å"skin† can tell the corporate brain whether conditions are financially cool, or hot. Also, the †skin† can indicate whether the organization is acting in a manner that produces â€Å"pain† in terms of financial difficulties. Operations acts as the ears of an organization, providing information about the â€Å"balance† of the entire organization and allowing the brain of the leadership to issue the appropriate instructions to the organization to keep it moving without collapse. Human Resources acts as a taste mechanism for the organizational body, giving the brain an idea of the building blocks (personnel) that are being introduced to the organizational body. The IT department can be likened to the central nervous system. It is this department that maintains the flow of information to and from the â€Å"brain† of the organization. The metaphor of the organization as a body with the corporate officers as the brain can be further understood with respect to what happens when there are breakdowns in any one of the parts composing the organizational body. Failure of the Human Resource department, for example, can lead to the ingestion of organizational poison: workers who are not qualified for the jobs they are assigned. If the â€Å"skin† of finance fails, the infection of debt may set in, causing necrosis to various parts of the organizational body. It is possible that such a result could result in a systemic infection that could kill the entire organization. The Operations department should malfunction; the entire organization could lose its balance and fall, destroying the organizational â€Å"brain†. Perhaps most significantly, the failure of IT to properly move information between the â€Å"brain† and the other appendages of the organization, the result is paralysis, as the messages the executive send get lost or misinterpreted. The organization-as-brain-and-body metaphor goes a long way toward explaining the interconnectivity of various aspects of organizations. All the component parts contribute information to the executive â€Å"brain† which can react quickly and guide the organization toward action that will make the most effective use of the information. The failure of any one of the component parts of the organizational body represents a hazard that threatens the organization as a whole, and the brain in particular. â€Å"Metaphor. † Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 2009. Merriam-Webster Online. 17 April 2009 http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/metaphor How to cite Central Nervous system Metaphors, Papers

Company Law for Structure - Policy and Practice- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCompany Law for Structure, Policy and Practice. Answer: Background One.Tel was an Australia based GSM service provider meaning it functioned mainly in the telecom sector and eventually grew to become Australias fourth largest telecom service provider before being shrouded in controversy which lead to its eventual downfall. Jodee Rich and other executive directors of the company faced accusations of not discharging their duties as directors effectively with respect to the duty of care they had towards the best interests of the company. This duty is mandated by Section 180 of the Corporations Act, 2001 as well as principles of common law. Application Corporations functioning within the jurisdiction of the Australian Commonwealth are governed and regulated by the provisions of the Corporations Act, 2001. Common law principles developed through judicial pronouncements are also applicable (Stout and Blair 2017). Section 180 (1) of the Corporations Act, 2001 lays down the statutory duty of care and diligence (Peden 2017). This provision states that when discharging ones duties as the director of a corporate entity one must observe a certain degree of care and diligence to ensure that they are acting in the best interests of the company. Section 180 (2) of the act lays down the business judgment rule which states that the provisions of Section 180 (1) would be deemed to have been met when acting on behalf of the company if (Bottomley 2016): The judgment is made in good faith; If the business judgment is free from any personal self interest; If the directors have understood and researched the subject matter to the extent that is reasonably possible; If the directors reasonably believe the act would be in the best interests of the company. Additionally, Section 180 (3) states that a business judgment is a decision to act or refrain from acting taken by the administration of the company (Hiller 2013). This applies only in business decisions that a materially relevant to the operations of the corporation. ASICs accusation was that the directors had failed to observe their duties under Section 180 (1) of the act by not sufficiently informing the board of One.Tel about the accurate financial stand of the company (Morley 2016). The Judge when delivering the judgment observed that ASIC had failed to establish their cause of action, exaggerated their claims and quoted pieces of evidence out of context in order to establish their claims (Harris 2013). The idea of not informing the board of the accurate financial position of the company was a business judgment which had to made by the directors in a situation where the failing financial position of the company would cause alarm and would give rise to reckless administrative measures taken by the board. This decision was made in good faith and cannot be conspicuously construed to have self-interests veiled in them. Further, the executive directors made an informed decision to refrain from passing this information to the board and they did believe that this would be in the best interests of the company as disclosure would have brought an end to the companys existence much before the actual downfall. Thus this judgment met all the requisites prescribed under the provisions of Section 180 (2) of the Corporations Act, 2001 (Rawhouser, Cummings and Crane 2015). This case was the first to comprehensively lay down the business judgment defense and apply it to the facts and circumstances of a case. This defense would negate the apparent breach of the duties of the directors as prescribed by the statute and under common law. Conclusion To conclude when the directors of a corporation are in breach of their duties under common law and the provisions of Section 180 (1) of the Corporations Act, 2001 the business judgment defense can be cited (Hanrahan, Ramsay and Stapledon 2013). If the acts of the directors fall within the ambit of the circumstances defined under the subsections to Section 181 (2) of the act. This would thus absolve them of all charges relating to the breach of duty of care. Thus in this case Jodee Rich and the other executive directors had not failed to observe their statutory and common law duties as prescribed for directors of a corporation. They had thus acted reasonably and prudently when they decided not cause alarm within the organizational structure by revealing the companys true financial position. Moreover, had Packer and Murdoch not removed the financial assistance given to the company One.Tel would have sailed through the financial difficulties through investment funds till they started to generate positive revenue figures. This adequately establishes the reasonableness behind the decision taken by the executive directors to not inform the board of the alarming financial condition as it can be inferred that it was presumed that the company would survive. Thus the ASICs allegations of the directors being in breach of their duty of care in acting on behalf of the company cannot be successfully substantiated on the basis that they refrained from informing the board as this omission was a reasonable business judgment and this would absolve them of all responsibilities arising out of such an act. Reference list Bottomley, S., 2016.The constitutional corporation: Rethinking corporate governance. Routledge. Hanrahan, P.F., Ramsay, I. and Stapledon, G.P., 2013. Commercial applications of company law. Harris, P., 2013.Corporate tax law: Structure, policy and practice. Cambridge University Press. Hiller, J.S., 2013. The benefit corporation and corporate social responsibility.Journal of Business Ethics,118(2), pp.287-301. Morley, J., 2016. The Common Law Corporation: The Power of the Trust in Anglo-American Business History.Columbia Law Review, pp.2145-2197. Peden, E., 2017. Civil and criminal liability of directors and officers of sporting clubs.Commercial Law Quarterly: The Journal of the Commercial Law Association of Australia,31(1), p.12. Rawhouser, H., Cummings, M. and Crane, A., 2015. Benefit corporation legislation and the emergence of a social hybrid category.California Management Review,57(3), pp.13-35. Stout, L.A. and Blair, M.M., 2017. A team production theory of corporate law. InCorporate Governance(pp. 169-250). Gower.